Frost-resistant varieties are specific hybrids (with rare exceptions) adapted for cold summers. In a short period of time, berries ripen on the vines. In recent decades, breeders have created varieties that survive the harsh conditions of the Russian winter with relative ease.
Winter-hardy varieties are divided into conditionally covering, which must be removed from the support for the winter and insulated, and non-covering, which do not need this manipulation.
Conditionally covering varieties
This group includes crops that winter without negative consequences at a temperature minimum of -27-29 ° C. In the fall, when the crop is harvested, the vine is removed and laid on the ground. Light materials are sometimes used as insulation, however, these winter-hardy varieties do not need artificial heating. The snow cover is enough for them.
Crystal
A typical wine (technical) variety derived from the universal Hungarian and Amur grapes. Favorable areas for cultivation are the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga region, but the variety is unpretentious and tolerates a drop in temperature to -29 degrees, it can be successfully planted in cold regions.
The berries ripen by mid-August (or later, depending on the region). Productivity - from 150 kg / ha. The bunches are medium, up to 200 g, the weight of each berry is 1.7-2.5 g. According to gardeners, the Crystal needs protection if it is grown in the middle zone of the country. Hibernates under light cover.
Aleshenkin No. 328
An early table variety bred in the 50s at the Volgograd Experimental Station. Ripening period - up to 120 days, this grape can be grown in regions with short summers. The culture is experiencing a strong drop in temperature, at -26 degrees the berries remain on the vine. But this variety requires shelter for the winter due to the vulnerability of the underground part of the plant.
Suitable for cultivation in greenhouses. Productivity 20 kg per bush and above. Berries are amber, weighing up to 5 g, round. The seeds are not found in all fruits and in small quantities.
Lydia
An American variety known as Isabella Pink. This is evidenced by the color of the berries: they are red with a purple tint. Large and juicy, fruits keep well in severe frosts. Lydia has small, up to 100 g, clusters with small grapes, which are distinguished by excellent taste.
The variety is planted for wine and for decorative purposes. The harvest ripens by mid-September, about 30 kg of berries are harvested from one bush. This must be done quickly, because overripe grapes can break off in strong winds.
Lydia is a popular folk variety. Among its advantages, they call good transportability, long-term storage, immunity to diseases such as oidium, phylloxera. Of the shortcomings - the taste "for an amateur".
Dove
A complex hybrid bred in the 80s of the 20th century by breeders from Russia and Ukraine. A technical variety that has a pleasant appearance and good taste. The pigeon is unpretentious and fruitful, ripens by 130 days, loves moisture, is resistant to frosts down to -26-27 degrees.
The variety is almost not affected by fungal diseases, resists gray rot, mildew. The fruits of the Dove are black, rounded. There are many coloring agents in the juice. Suitable for making homemade wine.
Extra
A variety of American grapes, known to many as Elsinburg. The variety appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and is widely zoned, because easily tolerates cold, but needs shelter in the northern regions. The strength of growth is high, the bushes are powerful, the taste of the berries is peculiar, with sourness.
The yield is good. Ripens Extra by mid-September. There are disadvantages: the berries do not tolerate transportation very well.
Lady fingers
Known as Husayne Bely, this variety was bred in Central Asia. The shape of the grapes is oblong, reminiscent of the phalanges of the fingers. The taste is sweet, with a pleasant sourness. Ripening period is about 140-150 days.
In central Russia, it is not recommended to cultivate Khusayne, since it can withstand temperatures only up to -15-20 degrees. But it has a good yield, over 40 kg per bush. Read more about this grape variety here.
Moscow sustainable (Skuin 675)
Bred in Moscow by a Latvian agronomist, this variety is known under the name Skuin 675. An unpretentious early middle variety, ripens by 130-150 days. Fruitfulness is high, with 3-5 bunches of grapes on each of the shoots.
The berries are small and round, with a pineapple flavor. Suitable for wine and fresh consumption. Winter hardiness - up to -28-30 degrees.
Taiga
Amur grapes, which were originally grown in Primorye, and then successfully spread throughout Russia, amazing gardeners with their excellent characteristics: rapid ripening, frost resistance (up to -40 degrees), and disease resistance.
Grows in the suburbs, Siberia, completely free. The berries are dark blue, sweet and sour, medium in weight, used in winemaking. The variety is universal. One of the few non-selective varieties.
Frost-resistant non-covering grape varieties
Varieties of grapes, classified as non-sheltering, can be grown in areas where the temperature minimum exceeds -29-35 degrees or more. The berries have a denser skin and the vine does not require maintenance. For the winter, it is left in the same place where it grew (including arches, gazebos).
A common popular name for non-covering varieties is isable or American, because most of the species were bred in the United States (and Canada). But the achievements of Russian breeders are also included in this group.
Sharov's riddle
A grape bred in the 70s by a gardener from the Altai Territory Sharov Rostislav, and adapted to harsh conditions. It ripens early, withstands cold temperatures at -35 ° C and has excellent storage properties.
Differs in average productivity. The fruits are sweet, round, with a dense dark red skin. The bunches are large, 300-600 g, depending on the region. The variety is very early, the fruits fully ripen by 110 days, and in the greenhouse 1.5 weeks earlier.
Saperavi north
A variety of medium ripening period (from 140 days), bred on the basis of old Georgian. Technical. It is grown for fresh consumption, for the production of wines, juices and their coloring.
The berries are oval, dark blue in color, with a dense skin and juicy pulp, simple taste. The variety is moderately drought tolerant, but tolerates severe winters, although according to some agronomists, it needs insulation in the northern regions.
Productivity from 115 kg / ha, stable. It tolerates transportation well. Other advantages include mildew resistance.
Valiant
Grapes that can withstand very low temperatures (-45-46 degrees). Medium early, growing season - from 130 days. Blue berries appear on the bushes, collected in medium-sized clusters weighing 100 g each.
The variety is characterized by medium sugar content and is highly appreciated by gourmets. The variety is used for winemaking, jelly making. Among the disadvantages are the slow development of the vine in the first years, medium-sized fruits (1.5-2.5 g) and average resistance to fungal diseases.
Rylines pink seedlings
Bred in the 80s, an American variety that has all the advantages of good grapes: early maturity (ripens in 100-110 days), resistance to fungal diseases (does not need chemicals), increased winter hardiness, lack of seeds.
Its unpretentiousness and vitality makes it a desirable culture in temperate latitudes. Rylines pink seeds taste original, with a hint of strawberries. Fruitfulness is good, from one hectare you can get 120-150 centners of the crop. Among the disadvantages are small berries, up to 2-3 g each.
Maurice Earley
A versatile, highly resistant grape bred in North America - according to one version from Concorde seed by Captain John Moore. Known as Early Moore, Moore's early.
The grape has a good yield and is used as an early table variety. Ripening time - the end of September. Bunches and berries of medium size, fruits are almost black in color, "isable" taste.
Maurice Earley is suitable for cultivation in non-covering culture, in the Moscow region and other regions of temperate latitude, as well as to the north. It tolerates severe winters with frosts of -35-36 degrees.
Winchel
A hybrid from America known as Green Mountain. It ripens early, has medium-sized bushes with small light berries. Inside, the fruits are loose, with a strawberry flavor and aroma.
Young shoots ripen well, survive frosts down to -30 and are immune to fungal diseases. Table variety, suitable for fresh consumption and decoration of plots (i.e. arbor).
Lucille
A versatile variety suitable for landscaping and making juices, jellies and jams. The bunches are oval, can reach a weight of 900 g. Lucille has a nutmeg flavor, if there is little sun, the berries will sour.
Fruits are not very large, dark pink, lilac, ideal shape. The variety can withstand frosts down to -30-33 degrees, it is recommended for cultivation in the Moscow region. Ideal for a small garden in a suburban area.
The yield is above average, stable, starting from the third year - in the first years the vine is gaining strength.
Louise Swenson
American originator E. Swenson bred this frost-resistant grape and named it after his wife Louise. It received the status of the variety in 2001, at the same time was recognized as one of the best.
Harvested consistently. On days 125-135 after the appearance of the buds, the fruits fully ripen. Dense and medium-sized clusters appear on the bushes. Berries are soft green, moderate acidity, average taste.
Used to make wine. The fruit can remain on the vine for a long time. The variety is not susceptible to disease. Withstands severe frosts down to -35 ° C, but can suffer from drought.
Amur hybrid varieties
Wild grapes growing in the Ussuri region were domesticated by people. On its basis, varieties were bred that were immune to cold and disease. Domestic Amur grape hybrids prefer acidic soils.
These are non-sheltering varieties that winter without additional insulation. The grapes grown in the Amur region, bred from natural forms, have an advantage over other varieties with similar characteristics.
Amur breakthrough
A popular variety known by other names is Odin, Potapenko 7. Easy to care for, not susceptible to disease, suitable for growing in harsh climates, but does not tolerate drought and strong winds, and in hot dry climates requires abundant watering.
Shoots grow quickly: up to 2.5 m per year. The yield is high, up to 100 kg per bush. The berries are dark in color, large, ripen by the end of summer and early September. Sugar variety (23% sugar), suitable for making wine, jams, juices. Due to its dense skin, it tolerates transportation well.
Marinovsky
A variety used for decorative purposes and in winemaking. Among its progenitors is also the Amur grape, from which Marinovsky inherited winter hardiness: it easily withstands frosts at -30 ° C. Adult bushes do not need shelter, only young growth.
Spreading grape bushes, clusters weighing up to 500-900 g, the shape of the berries is oval, oblong. The skin is dark blue, thin. The taste of the grapes is simple, not very expressive, but harmonious. Yields are consistently high.
Amethyst
A popular variety that has two varieties with similar characteristics: Amethyst Samarsky and Novocherkassky. Resistant to low temperatures: -25 to -35 ° C.
The bushes are powerful, spreading, with an abundance of bunches. The berries are elongated, each weighing up to 8 g. Their taste is sweet and sour, reminiscent of a plum.
A feature of the Amethyst grape is that wasps do not flock to its berries. Amethyst is a very early variety, fully ripens in 90-110 days, by the end of summer. And the first crop can be harvested the next year after planting.
The most productive varieties of American selection
In the USA, viticulture is no less popular than in our country. 15 states are at the forefront of producing this berry, but the rest of the industry is flourishing. Breeders are successfully developing new varieties that are immune to frost. Many of them take root in Russia.
Alpha
Non-covering technical grade that can withstand critical temperatures down to -40. Unpretentious and stable, can be grown in the north of Russia.
Ripens late, in September-October (110-145 days). On vigorous, powerful bushes, medium-sized clusters appear, weighing 100-250 g, berries are black and round. A small disadvantage is their high acidity. Alpha's yield is excellent, from 1 hectare it is possible to collect about 150-180 centners.
Of the minuses of the variety, they call it susceptibility to damage by chlorosis.
Other technical grape varieties are described here.
Prairie Star
White grapes originally from the USA (E. Swenson), ripening in mid-September. In the first years, the bushes develop moderately, then they grow, and it is often necessary to pinch the growing shoots.
Fruiting well, 150 kg of berries can be harvested from one centner. Bunches of grapes are medium, oblong, dense. Fruits are round, yellow-green, crispy on the palate.
Wine from Prairie Star has a long aftertaste. The variety is promising for growing in the northern regions, tolerates frosts down to -38 ° C.
Cardinal
An early variety that ripens at 110 days. Bred in the 30s of the last century in California. Suitable for long-term storage, but requires good care.
In northern areas, shelter may be required during the spring months when frost return occurs. The grapes can withstand temperatures down to -20 ° C.
Of the minuses of the Cardinal, they call poor susceptibility to pests and diseases. From the pros: large berries, weighing 9 g, excellent taste. The ratio of sugar and acid is 2: 1. The yield is high, but not always stable.
Isabel
A natural hybrid known since the 19th century and one of the most widespread in the world. This is a very tenacious grape from the United States, unpretentious in care, which can be grown throughout Russia, used for decorative purposes.
Isabella ripens late, by the middle of autumn, but is characterized by excellent taste, high yield, disease resistance (but not oidium). The berries are dark, with slimy pulp inside. Each fruiting body reaches a mass of 2-3 g. Fresh grapes are used and used for wine.
Kay Gray
An early ripe American variety with a high yield. Small juicy amber berries appear on powerful bushes.
Not susceptible or partially susceptible to many diseases (gray and black rot, powdery mildew, etc.). According to tests conducted in the USA, Kay Gray can withstand temperatures down to -42 degrees. Ideal for growing in northern areas.
Despite the fact that the variety is technical, wine is not made from it - during the fermentation of the berry, methyl alcohol is released. You can prepare juices from this grape.
Early domestic varieties
The colder the region, the shorter the growing season of the grapes must be, so that the vine has time to gain strength, and the fruits to ripen and be ready for consumption before the onset of rains and cold weather.
In areas with short summers, early varieties are chosen for planting. Their growing season lasts less than 4 months. Among them, it is worth paying attention to the varieties of Russian selection, bred specifically for the northern regions.
Siberian Cheryomushka
Variety of selection Sharov. Early ripening grapes (vegetation 110 days), the berries of which are small in size, especially in the early years, but pleasant in taste and aroma. It even looks like a bird cherry, hence the name.
For a long time, the fruits can be ripe on the bush.Siberian bird cherry tolerates cold temperatures below -25 ° C, gives good yields and does not need shelter for the winter months.
The positive qualities include small seeds, high maturation of the vine, resistance to parasites.
Bashkir early
A variety obtained by the breeder L. Strelyaeva in the 1970s based on the Amursky variety. Bashkir grapes are highly resistant to frost, including roots, and ripens early.
The vigor of growth is medium, the clusters are small, but the berries reach a weight of 10 g or more. Fruits are dark in color, sweet and sour. The yield of the variety is from 140 kg / ha and above. Not susceptible to some fungal diseases and parasites, but not resistant to powdery mildew.
Tukay
An unpretentious table variety bred in Novocherkessk and intended for cultivation in any part of the country.
Ideal soils: loam, limestone, sandstone. Tukay ripens quickly, already on day 90-100 the grapes are ready for consumption. They are large (4 g on average), dense, and have a nutmeg taste. With good care, the berries remain on the vine for a long time, the first frosts are easily tolerated.
White Muscat (Shatilova)
A hybrid grape variety that ripens by day 115. Bushes are vigorous, give excellent yields. The weight of the bunches can reach 1 kg. The fruits are large, fleshy, with a nutmeg aroma.
Shatilov grapes are resistant to powdery mildew, frost down to -27 ° C. It winters well under a thick layer of snow, but does not always experience recurrent frosts.
Other ultra-early frost-resistant varieties
There are other early grape varieties:
Grape varieties | Vegetation period |
Cardinal | 110 days |
Sharov's riddle | 110 days |
Rylines pink seedlings | 105 days |
Amethyst | 90 days |
Varieties by region
Frost-resistant varieties are zoned for different parts of the country: the Far East, the Urals, the Non-Black Earth Region, and Primorye. Some species struggle with warm winters with frequent thaws. The fruiting of the variety is influenced by the average temperature of the warmest month of the year, as a rule, July. The crop will be of good quality if the temperature:
- not lower than 18 degrees for non-hybrid varieties;
- not less than 12-14 for hybrids.
The best crops for different areas:
Recommended territories | Varieties |
Middle zone of Russia | Alpha, Tukay, Isabella, Saperavi northern, Lucille, Aleshenkin, Crystal |
Northwest | Tukai, Skuin 675 (Moscow), Amethyst, Sharov's Riddle, Rylines pink siddles |
Siberia and the Far East | Amur Breakthrough, Sharov's Riddle, Aleshenkin, Skuin 675, Taezhny, Siberian Cheryomushka, Lydia, Isabella |
Ural region | Valiant, Lucille, Early Bashkir, White Muscat, Aleshenkin |
Altai | Cheryomushka siberian, Tukay, Extra |
The most frost-resistant varieties
Consider varieties that can survive after frost:
Variety | Temperature maximum that can withstand |
Lydia | -30 ° C |
Alpha | -30-39 ° C |
Amur breakthrough | -40 ° C |
Louise Swenson | -35-40 ° C |
Sharov's riddle | -40 ° C |
Valiant | -45 ° C |
The popularity of frost-resistant grapes among gardeners of our country (including amateurs) is due to the fact that it can be grown not only in the southern regions and have stable yields every year. The content of this berry is unpretentious, especially when it comes to hybrids that can withstand severe weather conditions, are immune to fungal diseases.
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